-
Response to Fertilizer of Native Grasses (Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria Sphacelata) and Legume (Tephrosia pedicellata) of Savannah in Sudanian Benin
KINDOMIHOU Missiakô Valentin,
SAIDOU Aliou,
SINSIN Brice Augustin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
142-146
Received:
12 February 2014
Accepted:
17 May 2014
Published:
20 May 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.11
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Response to nitrogen fertilizer of 2 grass species, Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria sphacelata, and one legume Tephrosia pedicellata was studied in northern Benin. The 3 species are native in Sudanian grasslands and occur on tropical ferruginous soils. The experimental plots were fertilized with a basal dressing of potassium chloride and triple superphosphate before testing nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha N, respectively. The highest biomass was produced with 120 kg/ha (4.98, 2.13 and 1.1 t/ha DM for Pennisetum, Setaria and Tephrosia, respectively). The highest number of pods per plant with Tephrosia was produced with the control plot (35.75 pods per plant) and the lowest with an N rate of 60 kg/ha (23.75 pods per plant). The highest tussock diameters for Setaria and Pennisetum were 76.4 and 71.9 cm, respectively, at an N rate of 120 kg/ha. These 3 native forage species showed good performance under cultivation.
Abstract: Response to nitrogen fertilizer of 2 grass species, Pennisetum polystachion and Setaria sphacelata, and one legume Tephrosia pedicellata was studied in northern Benin. The 3 species are native in Sudanian grasslands and occur on tropical ferruginous soils. The experimental plots were fertilized with a basal dressing of potassium chloride and triple...
Show More
-
Connectivity and Ecological Indicators Analysis of Tropical Forest Landscape in Batang Toru Watershed - Indonesia
Samsuri,
I. Nengah Surati Jaya,
Cecep Kusmana,
Kukuh Murtilaksono
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
147-154
Received:
16 April 2014
Accepted:
9 May 2014
Published:
20 May 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Connectivity is one of the important issues in the context of natural resources due to its potential in preventing the impact of habitat fragmentation. Landscape forest connectivity facilitates organism movement, genetic exchange, and other ecological material flows. Loss of connectivity may result declining of ecosystem production and cut the material flows within the forest ecosystems. Connectivity degree is needed to determine the management strategy of forest landscape as a wildlife habitat. This paper defines connectivity index of forest landscape in Batang Toru watershed, and describes correlation between connectivity with ecological indicators, biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Landsat satellite imageries acquired in 1989, 2001 and 2013 were used to detect land cover in several different years. Fragstat was used to generate landscape metrics. Landscape metrics were analyzed using a scoring method to determine the connectivity index of forest landscape. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to obtain a correlation between connectivity index and the distance from roads, the distance from rivers, elevation and slope. The study found that the landscape connectivity tend to decline over the period from 1989 to 2013. The lowest connectivity index was found in the downstream area of Batang Toru watershed. Areas with low connectivity index were identified as having a relatively low diversity index of tree species. The connectivity index of forest landscape has a positive correlation with the distance from roads and the distance from rivers.
Abstract: Connectivity is one of the important issues in the context of natural resources due to its potential in preventing the impact of habitat fragmentation. Landscape forest connectivity facilitates organism movement, genetic exchange, and other ecological material flows. Loss of connectivity may result declining of ecosystem production and cut the mate...
Show More
-
Methane Emission on Intensive rice Farming with Water Frequency and Fertilizer Management in North Sumatera
Khadijah EL Ramija,
Zulkifly Nasution,
M. Zarlis,
Retno Widiastuti
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
155-162
Received:
13 May 2014
Accepted:
26 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Rice cultivation during four planting seasons by using cultivation system improvements, especially in the management provision of water and fertilizer, other than increasing rice production can also reduce methane emission which is often rumored as a cause of global warming. Efforts to reduce methane emission from paddy fields must be done because of the impact of ecological damage caused by climate change due to global warming. It is estimated that by the year 2100 the average surface temperature of the earth will increase up 2 to 3° C. The experiment was conducted in the village of Purbaganda, Pematang Bandar District, Simalungun over four planting seasons from July 2011 until June 2012. The research design used in the study was split plot design which was organized into groups based on the difficulty of obtaining an ideal environmental uniformity in the field. Watering System treatment as main plot factor (A) and fertilization as subplot factor (B), with three replications. The treatments in the main plot were intermittent and continuous irrigation system, conducted to determine the amount of methane emissions in each planting season. For subplot, the fertilization treatments were based on laboratory analysis of soil, and Fertilization Recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture regulation No. 40 OT.140/2007. These were then combined with probiotic fertilization. The results showed that the pattern of methane emission varies in each treatment. The average methane emission was highest in treatment A1B1 with 338.50 kg ha-1 per season, and lowest in A2B6 treatment with 63.25 kg ha-1 per season. A2B6 treatment that used fertilization according to laboratory analysis with probiotic fertilization experienced intermittent irrigation process. The higher dosage of fertilizer N in treatment A1B1 led to higher methane emission than treatment A2B6. N fertilizer in rice fields can increase methane emissions due to increased rice growth, which was the source of methane biomass that increased the emission lines. Interaction between flooding and fertilization treatments that gave the highest emission during the four planting seasons was A1B1 and the lowest was A2B6. Comparison between the interaction of A1B1 and A2B6 on methane emission results was significantly different (DMRT test, P = 0.05).
Abstract: Rice cultivation during four planting seasons by using cultivation system improvements, especially in the management provision of water and fertilizer, other than increasing rice production can also reduce methane emission which is often rumored as a cause of global warming. Efforts to reduce methane emission from paddy fields must be done because ...
Show More
-
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Peatland Fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
Achmad Siddik Thoha,
Bambang Hero Saharjo,
Rizaldi Boer,
Muhammad Ardiansyah
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
163-170
Received:
14 May 2014
Accepted:
23 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.14
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Peatland fires occur almost every year in Indonesia and their impact is harmful to human life and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of peat fires, including hotspot characteristic, fire period and spatial distribution according to biophysical factors and human activities. Characteristics of peatland fires were determined through spatial analysis between hotspots and rainfall and factors affected peatland fires such as land cover, distance from the river, distance from road, spatial plan and peat thickness. The study found that strong indication of peat fires in Kapuas is indicated by the hotspot with a confidence value of more than 50%. August to October is the hotspot increasing time in Kapuas because the rainfall is low. The densest hotspots are generally found in swamp shrubs, close to the river, close to the roads, in the very deep peat, with a spatial planning of peatland conservation area. We concluded that peatland conservation area and unmanaged land in Kapuas District were in vulnerable condition of the fire. We suggest to the government to improve unmanaged land utilization and protect peatland conservation area in Kapuas District.
Abstract: Peatland fires occur almost every year in Indonesia and their impact is harmful to human life and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of peat fires, including hotspot characteristic, fire period and spatial distribution according to biophysical factors and human activities. Characteristics of peatland fire...
Show More
-
Asymmetry Effect of Intercropping Non Host Crops between Cabbage and Climatic Factor on the Population of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella Xylostella L.) and Yield
Mohammad Feizal Daud,
Fauziah I.,
Mohd Rasdi Z.,
Fairuz K.,
Abu Zarim U.,
Syed Abdul Rahman S. A. R.,
Ismail R.,
Mohd Hanysyam M. N.,
Norazliza R.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
171-177
Received:
29 August 2013
Accepted:
8 May 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.15
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Diamondback Moth (DBM) is one of the major constraints for the profitable production of cabbage in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The loss in yield of cabbage caused by DBM could reach up to more than 80% if a severe infestation occurred in the field. Due to that problem, farmers in Cameron Highlands are preferred to apply the broad spectrum of synthetic insecticides rather than implementing other pest management strategies. The demand for insecticides in Cameron Highlands seems endless until today, but more aggressive. This paper highlighted the possibility of implementing intercropping cabbage with seven treatments in reducing adults and larvae populations of DBM in the polyculture system. The distributions of adults and larvae population of DBM against the factors of temperature and rainfall also have been addressed in this study. A total of seven treatments was implicated, including onion (Allium cepa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.), marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle), and mosquito plants (Pelargonium citrosum) which arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results indicated that insignificant variations (P>0.05) were observed among the population of adults and larvae at all seven treatments tested compared with the control. Moreover, adults and larvae of DBM were negatively correlated with temperature and rainfall factors. The results also showed that a critical period of DBM infestations was detected in the pre-heading stage (< 30 DAT). In terms of performance among treatments, our finding also has shown that mosquito plant was the best treatment acted as a repellent, however mosquito plant treatment contributed to the lowest yield due to the competition of plant growth resources and its wider canopy structure.
Abstract: Diamondback Moth (DBM) is one of the major constraints for the profitable production of cabbage in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The loss in yield of cabbage caused by DBM could reach up to more than 80% if a severe infestation occurred in the field. Due to that problem, farmers in Cameron Highlands are preferred to apply the broad spectrum of synth...
Show More
-
Length-Weight Relationships for Five Lessepsian Fish Species from the Coast of Benghazi, Libya (Southern Mediterranean)
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
178-180
Received:
21 April 2014
Accepted:
20 May 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.16
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This paper provides length–weight relationships estimated for 5 Lessepsian fish species (four families), economically important to the local community, of the coast of Benghazi-Libya; namely: Fistularia Commersonii, Saurida undosquamis, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus and Scomberomorus commerson. The regressions for all species were found to be significant. This study presents the first estimation of length-weight relationship for some Lessepsian inhabiting coastal area of the southern Mediterranean Sea.
Abstract: This paper provides length–weight relationships estimated for 5 Lessepsian fish species (four families), economically important to the local community, of the coast of Benghazi-Libya; namely: Fistularia Commersonii, Saurida undosquamis, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus and Scomberomorus commerson. The regressions for all species were found to be ...
Show More
-
Principal-Agent Relationship in Policy Implementation of the Use of Forest Area for Mining Activity, Indonesia
Manifas Zubayr,
Dudung Darusman,
Bramasto Nugroho,
Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
181-188
Received:
24 May 2014
Accepted:
16 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.17
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The use of forest area (UFA) is defined as utilization of a portion of forest land for any development purposes outside forestry without changing its function and designation. This study is aimed to explore the relationship of principal and agent in the UFA implementation. Based on the agency theory and using descriptive-qualitative methods, this study identified specific relationship characteristics, i.e. the lack of authority in agent selection, the domination of principal on information, the moral hazard behavior of both principal and agent, the higher risk assumed by the principal, and the poor implementation of incentive structure. The relationship patterns did not occur only between principal and agent, but also among different principals and between one agent and another especially in cooperation and conflict relationship. This study confirmed that better implementations of UFA are strongly influenced by the efficiency of contractual agreement, the principal control on the process of UFA implementation, the agent commitment on the agreed contract and the amount of transaction costs.
Abstract: The use of forest area (UFA) is defined as utilization of a portion of forest land for any development purposes outside forestry without changing its function and designation. This study is aimed to explore the relationship of principal and agent in the UFA implementation. Based on the agency theory and using descriptive-qualitative methods, this ...
Show More
-
Effects of Mineral Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Utilization of Bread Wheat (Tritcum aestivum) on the Sandy Soils of Hawzen District, Northern Ethiopia
Bereket Haileselassie,
Dawit Habte,
Mehretab Haileselassie,
Gebremedhin Gebremeskel
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
189-198
Received:
22 May 2014
Accepted:
19 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.18
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: On-farm field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on yield, yield components, nutrients uptake and use efficiencies, protein content of bread wheat, residual soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability and economic return of fertilizer application. The locations of the experiments were in two nearby farmers' field at Hawzen district, Northern Ethiopia. Factorial combinations of five N levels (0, 46, 69, 92 and 138 kg N/ha) and four levels of P (0, 46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5/ha) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental Field 1 was relatively better in its soil fertility than experimental Field 2 especially in its phosphorus availability and cation exchange capacity (CEC). However, both fields were low in their total soil nitrogen content. Grain yield of wheat significantly increased by 46% and 15% in Field 1 and Field 2, respectively at nitrogen application rate of 46 kg N/ha than the control. Nitrogen fertilization increased straw yield significantly only in experimental Field 1. Phosphorus application at a rate of 46 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain and straw yields by 38 % and 46 %, respectively in Field 2 than control. It is also economical to apply phosphorus at this rate for such farmers’ field because the grain yield marginal rate of return was 179 %. Consistent results were observed on wheat nutrient uptakes and nutrient use efficiencies. Grain and straw yields of wheat were not significantly affected by the main effect of phosphorus application in Field 1. These results are consistent with the soil analysis result before planting where the soil phosphorus was found to be low in Field 1 and very low in Field 2. Previous management by the farmers may have influenced the soil fertility status. There were no interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus to affect wheat productivity and nutrient utilization in both fields. Future approach to soil fertility management should consider the past management history and should also be site specific based on soil fertility assessment. As a result, a combined application of 46 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha are recommended to achieve sustainable bread wheat production on the sandy soils of Hawzen district. But in fields with higher initial soil phosphorus level, there is no need of applying phosphate fertilizer.
Abstract: On-farm field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on yield, yield components, nutrients uptake and use efficiencies, protein content of bread wheat, residual soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability and economic return of fertilizer application. The locations of the experiments were in two nearby far...
Show More
-
Determination of Optimum Seed Rate for Productivity of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito, Southern Ethiopia
Tekle Yoseph,
Tekle Yoseph
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
199-202
Received:
5 June 2014
Accepted:
22 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.19
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: A field experiment was undertaken at Woito, to determine the effect of seed rate on productivity of rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito. The experiment was conducted with five levels of seed rate (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha-1). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Phenological and growth parameters such as yield and yield components, total biomass and harvest index were studied. The result showed that all the phenological and growth parameters except panicle length per plant were significantly affected by the treatments. As the seed rate increased there was a proportional increment on the number of tillers per plant. Grain yield and total biomass were significantly affected by seed rate while 1000 seeds weight and harvest index were not influenced significantly by seed rate. The grain yield obtained from the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 (5.0222 t ha-1) was higher by 66.81% compared to the seed rate of 80 kg ha-1 (1.6667 t ha-1). The noted total biomass yield advantage from the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 (7.2875 t ha-1) was higher by 44.25% compared to the seed rate of 120 kg ha-1(4.0625 t ha-1). Therefore, it can be concluded from this result that the seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 is advisable and could be appropriate for rice production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Abstract: A field experiment was undertaken at Woito, to determine the effect of seed rate on productivity of rice (Oryza Sativa L.), at Woito. The experiment was conducted with five levels of seed rate (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha-1). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Phenological and growth ...
Show More
-
Effect of Drought Stress and Helium Neon (He-Ne) Laser Rays on Growth, Oil Yield and Fatty Acids Content in Caster Bean (Ricinus communis L.)
Sami Ali Metwally,
Sharbat Leithy Meawad Mohamed,
Bedour Helmy Abou-Leila,
Mohammed Sayed Aly
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2014
Pages:
203-208
Received:
15 June 2014
Accepted:
28 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.aff.20140303.20
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Pot trail were carried out at greenhouse of National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of different irrigation intervals 5,10 and 15 days combined with two exposure time of He-Ne laser rays (0 and 5 min.) on the growth, oil yield and fatty acids constituents of Ricinus communis. Plant height, Stem diameter, leaves number leaf area, fresh and dry of leaves weight, as well as relative water content and osmotic potential (atm) were decreased by prolonging irrigation intervals. Carbohydrates % also showed a negative response by extending irrigation intervals. Helium neon (He-Ne) laser rays improved Caster bean growth and decreased osmotic potential followed by increasing relative water content and help plants to complete its life cycle. Palmitic acid is substantial component of the saturated fatty acids, while ricinoleic unsaturated fatty acids is the major one. The highest increment in both ricinoleic and hexacenoic acids was recorded by prolonging irrigation interval up to 10 days.
Abstract: Pot trail were carried out at greenhouse of National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of different irrigation intervals 5,10 and 15 days combined with two exposure time of He-Ne laser rays (0 and 5 min.) on the growth, oil yield and fatty acids constituents of Ricinus communis. Plant height, Stem diameter, leaves number leaf ar...
Show More
